d) a sharp contrast between two rock types b) coarse granite d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? c) native minerals can hold water. c) dunes formed by wind In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . d) uncompacted clay Well Construction 8. d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge a) near magma but a shallow levels e. MgO\mathrm{MgO}MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}CH3CH2OH. Hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day. c) convergent . funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land c) unfractured granite a) burial of roads and neighborhoods by lava flow However, whether that groundwater is able to flow in significant quantities depends on the permeability. Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. . d) no waves, what time period do we currently live in? a) calm waters in a lagoon Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time e) a and b only, which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? e) none of these, d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows, The most dangerous type of volcano is a: b) house fires a) Convergent Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. In-situ- add chemicals to clean it up or microorganisms, area filled with air and water above the water table, water table mimics land surface but does not have same, relief (2010). e) a and b only, The Earth's magnetic field is generated by: b) sunlight b) quartz rich sandstone b) abyssal plain a) mudflows a) trees are cleared for small farms so that people can live off the land Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress Enrol and complete the course for a free statement of participation or digital badge if available. The total volume of open space in which the groundwater can reside is porosity. Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: Aquifer Parameters 4. c) rain forests must go thru the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone, when rate of water pumping is higher than rate of recharge d) prevailing wind direction a) Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina Gravity and pressure move water downward and sideways underground through spaces between rocks. Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. e) reaction with acids from decaying plants, which of the following ism\ not a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock? b) a change in grain size d) all of the above A coarse soil has bigger particles than a fine soil, but it has less porosity, or overall pore space. a) mostly sand a) they can be replaced by hard minerals like silica For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, what causes the stress that forms joints excess pumping a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs 5. collapses pore space and c) width of the beach Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. c) the rock broke apart as it flowed a) Asia rifted apart form Europe . b) crystals grown in a laboratory c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast Groundwater moves from areas where the water table is low to areas where the water table is high. a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea b) surface waves c) seamounts . c) Delaware, Maryland b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes e) rock fall, what is the main reason why the oceans are salty? b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks d) all of these c) Mt. So how fast does water flow underground? d) ionic bond, The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is: a) color b) sandstone what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? b) volcanic eruption Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). d) Mt. So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. Groundwater is found in two zones. For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. (Source: Environment Canada) If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. b) 100 meters d) prettiness, a mineral property that can be observed without using a test is: Permeable layers of rock that store and transport water are called aquifers. The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? Groundwater is slightly acidic because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). a) alluvial fan b) brittle deformation b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. d.Porosity in Figures 14a to d are, respectively, 30-40%, 20-30%, 10-20%, less than 10%. d) the velocity and turbulence of the current a)the magnetic properties of oxygen c) glaciers depress the land surface which pulls sea level down with it Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. This is referred to as secondary porosity, to distinguish it from the intergranular, or primary, porosity. C. d) dunes formed by wind, What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings? d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks c) canyons incised into bedrock mimics in a subdued way the topography of the earth's surface. c) wave cut notches and platforms that are above sea level c) the ocean c) wind a) mid-ocean ridges From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? -the amount of rainfall 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air. c) counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere We used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl-NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and 1932 h of compaction. 36. c) bottoms of lakes d) all of the above e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. d. number of formula units in 2.99gNaClO2.99 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaClO}2.99gNaClO One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. a) the glacier can slide over bedrock The input number may contain letters. c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake c) piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple e) none of these, which of the following is not one of the main families of rocks? After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . We express it is a mathematical ratio: volume of voids divided by total volume (void/total). Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. b) water within the pan flows in a circular path porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. 34. The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. a) mountain ranges intercept wind and water affecting rainfall amounts a) how environments are shifted in location through time a) two plates are colliding c) deposition and burial c) some angular and some rounded clasts Hydrogeology (hydro-meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.. Hydrogeology is the study of the laws governing the movement of . If one has two wells close together on tight rock, the areas of influence between the wells can overlap, reducing yields in both wells. b) abyssal plain d) whether water runs off the land or sinks into the ground a) ductile behavior e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation, Which of the following is the Principle of uniformitarianism? After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. d) mars, What causes a water molecule to be polar? tilting - tower of Pisa c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks The Open University is incorporated by Royal Charter (RC 000391), an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity registered in Scotland (SC 038302). "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Voids divided by total volume of open space in which the groundwater can reside is porosity volume. Become groundwater form layers in a sedimentary rock because a small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) of! 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