Thin sections are thick cuts of rocks that allow light and liquids to pass through them so that a microscope may be employed. C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break C) rate of cooling A. quartz and pyroxene B) granodioritic A. peridotite When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. The word reaction is critical. It is important to realize these groups do not have sharp boundaries in nature, but rather lie on a continuous spectrum with many transitional compositions and names that refer to specific quantities of minerals. 2. gabbro The rifting movement causes the buoyant magma below to rise and fill the space of lower pressure. Mafic magmas have 45% to 55% SiO2, about 25% total of FeO and MgO plus CaO, and about 5% Na2O + K2O. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. D) Temperature of the environment - higher T = slower magma cooling. a. C. granite It is the source of all igneous rock. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? Igneous rocks contain information about how they originate. As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of much finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.3.7). D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. 3. rhyolitic pumice Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. They are typically more than 100 km2 in area, associated with subduction zones, and mostly felsic in composition. If the magma cools slowly underground, the product will be gabbro; if it cools quickly at the surface, the product will be basalt (Figure 3.3.5). The rock then cools into new crust. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. The black colors are likely two or three different minerals. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. 1. heat Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? D. Al and Si are the most abundant elements in the magma. E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture A) texture Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Andesite is a rock typically found in volcanoes above convergent plate boundaries between continental and oceanic plates. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. 1. Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. 4. mafic obsidian. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? For the rock to be called porphyritic there has to be a significant difference in crystal size, where the larger crystals are at least 10 times larger than the average size of the smaller crystals. Magma is molten rock below Earths surface. 4. andesite As a mafic magma starts to cool, some of the silica combines with iron and magnesium to make olivine. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. C. high silica, low iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture A. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. C. a non-crystalline rock, likely formed due to extreme rapid cooling of lava -Sediments are solid fragments of inorganic or organic material that come from the weathering of rock and solid . D. and c. only A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. Mafic describes a kind of igneous rock or even magma that is relatively high in magnesium and iron content; hence the word 'mafic' which is a combination of the words magnesium and ferric . 1. diorite and gabbro Therefore, most landforms and rock groups that owe their origin to igneous rocks are intrusive bodies. 2. granite and granodiorite Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. F. dominant rock formed by the eruption of volcanic mountain ranges such as the Andes in western S. America A) The glass is formed mostly when lava cools in a volcano whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. Intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite Types of MagmaAll magma contains gases and a mixture of simple elements. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. C) Pegmatite Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. Which of the following can account for variations in a magma/rock composition? Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. F. olivine This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock. The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. B. olivine Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma, which is a hot (600 to 1,300 C, or 1,100 to 2,400 F) molten or partially molten rock material. Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? There are 3 main agents that cause metamorphism. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. C) pressure The core is the superheated center, the mantle is the thick, middle layer, and the crust is the top layer on which we live. C) basaltic, rhyolitic flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. Cooling history is also related to changes that can occur to the composition of igneous rocks. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. What are the other two, smaller percentage components of most magmas? B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber Slow cooling gives crystals enough time to grow to easily seen sizes (i.e., larger than 1 mm). Magma forms under Earth's surface at about 800 to 1300C in the crust or mantle and erupts on Earth's surface as lava.When magma or lava cools, it solidifies by crystallization in which minerals grow within the magma or lava. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. B) gabbro If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. Inflammation of the lymph vessels is known as________. As long as more magma pools into a volcanos magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. A. biotite C. basalt Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. A) Each vesicle was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid. Using Figure 3.3.8, predict what phenocrysts might be present where the magma cooled as far as line a in one case, and line b in another. B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. D. consist of very coarse grained crystals of potassium feldspar, muscovite and quartz E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. B. Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. Log in for more information. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. Hawaii's Molten MagmaHawaiian magma is different than magma in other parts of the Earth because it has more molten rock and less dissolved gases and rock fragments. The means that the overall composition of the magma near the top of the magma chamber will become more felsic, as it is losing some iron- and magnesium-rich components. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. Stage 1 A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. The texture of an igneous rock (fine-grained vs coarse-grained) is dependent on the rate of cooling of the melt: slow cooling allows large crystals to form, fast cooling yields small crystals. c. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration Finally, if the magma is quite silica-rich to begin with, there will still be some left at around 750 to 800C, and from this last magma, potassium feldspar, quartz, and maybe muscovite mica will form. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. 2. porphyritic andesite A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. How Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. The processes by which a diapir intrudes into the surrounding native or country rock are not well understood and are the subject of ongoing geological inquiry [3]. D) texture and mineral composition D) Both a. and c. 2. pressure Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Magma Chamber In areas where temperature, pressure, and structural formation allow, magma can collect in magma chambers. A) chemical composition of the magma or lava Mysterious MagmaMagma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. Stage 3, Instead of having to know HTML code, most Web sites will have templates that make creating Web rsums easy. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to understanding the geology and morphology of the mantle. Soon after that, all of the magma is used up and no further changes takes place. Figure 3.3.1, 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 3.3.8: Steven Earle. On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. It can be found in the Andes Mountains and in some island arcs (see. E) texture, mineral composition, and number of ions, An igneous rock's color is NOT used to suggest which of the following about the igneous rock? Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. What is magma? Peacock, M. A. Felsic magmas, on the other hand, have much more SiO2 (65% to 75%) and Na2O + K2O (around 10%) and much less FeO and MgO plus CaO (about 5%). Magma Escape Routes Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. 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