Contribution of Buddhism to world civilization and culture. 139-172 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Woodward, Hiram W., Jr. (1982), Barabudur as a stupa,In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 430p., 20p. 430p., 20p. The kingdom included all of northern India and was influential in Khotan, Yarkand, Kashgar, and further east. Munster: Lit, 1994. 115-144 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Fraser-Lu, Sylvia (2001), Splendour in wood : the Buddhist monasteries of Burma / Trumbull, CT : Weatherhill, Hamilton Asia NA6012 .F73 2001, Galloway, Charlotte (1999), Changing times--changing visions: the evolution of the Buddha image in Myanmar, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Cambridge, U.K., 1990. Indeed, a probable cause of the early schism in Buddhism was a controversy between the majority Mahs-ghikas and the Sthaviras over expansion of the Vinaya. The northern part of what is now Vietnam had been conquered by the Chinese empire in 111 bce and remained under Chinese rule until 939 ce. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. //]]>. 566p. The recitation of the threefold refuge formula that makes a person a Buddhist, either lay or monastic, enacts a pledge of taking refuge in the Buddha, the dharma (teaching), and the sangha; most commentaries imply that the three elements are equally important. As long as monks and nuns preserved the basic teachings and social behavior patterns, Buddhism could be translated into any language or culture. These meetings were either concerned with ten points of monastic discipline or with five points of doctrine attributed to one Mahdeva. of the Union of Burma, Hamilton Asia DS527.8 .A9, Osipov, Yuri M. (1994), Buddhistic hagiography in classic literature of Burma (Myanmar) In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. As early as the 4th century ce, China produced Pure Land Buddhism, whose worship of the buddha Amitabha (Amida in Japanese) appealed above all to laypeople. Penang: Aliran Kesdaran Negara, Aliran, 1991. 47-83 Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Ensink, Jacob (1978), Siva-Buddhism in Java and Bali, In: Bechert, Heinz, ed. The world of Buddhism: Buddhist monks and nuns in society and culture. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/monasticism-buddhist-monasticism, "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism 135-149 Hamilton Asia HN690.8.A8 C36 1979, Mendelson, E. Michael (1975), Sangha and state in Burma : a study of monastic sectarianism and leadership /; edited by John P. Ferguson. In Myanmar, which endured an extended period of British rule, the sangha and the structures of Buddhist society have been seriously disrupted. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. Southeast Asian archaeology 1994: proceedings of the 5th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Paris, 24th-28th October 1994. 101-153 Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Somboon Suksamran (1977), Political Buddhism in Southeast Asia : the role of the Sangha in the modernization of Thailand / by; edited, with an introd. "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ6160.B93 M46, Okudaira, Ryudi (1996), A hypothetical analysis on 'Therada Buddhist state at its height' under King Badon with special reference to Manugye Dhammathat (1782 manuscript), In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. 1998 77-86 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Yos Hut Khemacaro (1998), Causes and effects of the environmental crisis In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. In Laos it was recognized by the government as a part of the national heritage, and in Cambodia it was even given the status of a state religion. Priesthood, article on Buddhist Priesthood; Sagha, overview article. Sayyid Bin Abu Ali, a True Representative of Intercultural Relations along the Maritime Silk Roads, Mapping and Compilation of the World Maps along the Silk Roads, The Interconnections between Portuguese and Malay languages, Oman region, a Hub on the Maritime Trade Routes, Interactions between Indian Subcontinent and Western Land during Roman Empire, UNESCO applies a zero tolerance policy against all forms of harassment, Building peace in the minds of men and women, Stupas and Statue of Buddha at Borobudur Temple, Yogjakarta Indonesia Amnat Phutthamrong / Shutterstock.com, In this respect, Buddhism practices changed on some aspects. The Hindu and Buddhist Tantric groups (practicing occult, sometimes sexual, meditative techniques) represent esoteric countermonasticism in India, though these practices have been accepted fully in certain Tibetan Buddhist hierarchies. (1982), The dual nature of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. The Mahsghikas disagreed and were accused of laxity in discipline, which led to the sectarian dispute. In Tibet and elsewhere, for example, monasteries received regular payments from profits and percentages of commodities produced or sold. Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Hayashi, Yukio (2000), Spells and boundaries in regional context: 'wisa' and 'thamma' among the Thai-Lao in Northeast Thailand, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. "How Buddhist Is Theravda Buddhist Law? History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the aka Era. The main point is that, as Buddhist monasticism developed, there were disruptive forces in the community. The religious traditions of Asia. (1993), Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 188 p. (Social issues in Southeast Asia) Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Loofs, H.H.E. 127148. 1996 79-98 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Spiro, Melford E. (1982) Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes Berkeley: University of California Press, Hamilton Asia BQ418 .S65 1982, Stadtner, Donald M. (1999), The enigma of the Mingun pagoda: is the pagoda really unfinished?, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Starting shortly after the. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. The clergy was divided between those who were highborn and Sinicized and those in the lower ranks who often were active in peasant uprisings. The Book of the Discipline (Vinaya-pitaka). 277p. Buddhist behavioral codes and the modern world: an international symposium. 608p. 252p. Aforementioned examples could help to see how the active trade networks and the increase of the monastic system in the Indian Subcontinent permitted both the expansion of Buddhism towards the east, and also reinforced the cultural interactions between the people living along the Silk Roads. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. The fundamental activity, however, remains meditation (Sanskrit dhyana, Pali jhana, from which is derived the schools of Buddhism known as Chan in China and Zen in Japan). Other meetings followed the First Council. The status of women varied, depending on specific cultural contexts, economies, and historical periods. 330p. 1993 79-92 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, Johnson, W.J. (Princeton readings in religions.) Buddhism in South-East Asia: a cultural survey. Taung Goe (2000), The dagun-pole, mark of a peaceful sanctuary, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 5, no.2, 31-32, Tekkatho Tin Kha (2000), A novitiation ceremony that involves 1,000 local youths, Guardian (Rangoon) , 47, no.1 (Jan), 9-11, Thabye Khin (1999), The Jivitadana Sangha Hospital, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 4, no.2, 24-28, Than Tun (1978), History of Buddhism in Burma A.D. 1000-1300 , Journal of the Burma Research Society (Rangoon) , 61 (Dec), 1-264, Thanlyin Myint Aye (1993), A pilgrimmage to Thamanya, Guardian (Rangoon) , 40, no.7 (Jul), 32-33, Thaw Kaung (1999), Offering of Thin-bok Swoon, a Rakhine Buddhist festival, Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) , 4, no.2, 36-39, Tin Maung; Muang Than (1988), The sangha and sasana in socialist Burma, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) , 3, no.1 (Feb) , 26-61, Than. 14-30 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Gombrich, Richard F. (1989), Buddhist cultic life in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo; Cummings, Mark D., eds. According to the tradition, after the death of the great teacher the disciples gathered to collect and preserve his teachings. Benn, James, Lori Meeks, and James Robson, eds. (Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography, no. (1991), The human being in Buddhism, In: The human being: perspectives from different spiritual traditions. Religion, ethnicity and modernity in Southeast Asia / Seoul : Seoul National University Press Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Tsuchiya, Kenji (1989), Batavia in a time of transition / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed), The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, Vijaya Samarawickrama. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Minneapolis, 1989. of plates Hamilton Asia DS338 .F78 2001, Tannenbaum, Nicola (1995), Who can compete against the world? The early Buddhist Vinaya collections record the growth and evolution in an Indian cultural context. by Trevor O. Ling. 428p. In this respect, Buddhism practices changed on some aspects. Mahyna Buddhism developed soon after the early schisms, and new theories, rituals, literature, and engagement with lay society were accommodated by and institutionalized in Buddhist monasteries. Though restricted at various times by adverse sociological, economic, and political conditions, Buddhist monasteries were centers for teaching and learning, for medical study and practice, and for elaboration of Buddhist doctrines and associated rituals. 106-120 Hamilton Asia DS523.3 .D953 2000, CAMBODIA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAng, Choulean (1988), The place of animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the monastery, Asian Folklore Studies (Nagoya) 47, no.1: 35-41, Bertrand, Didier (1997), Religious practices of Vietnamese in Cambodia and inter-ethnic relations, Asian Migrant (Manila) 10, no.3 (Jul-Sep) 90-93. The generic term for the Buddhist monastic order is the sangha; the terms denoting the order in all Buddhist countries are literal translations of the Indian word. 161-169 Hamilton Asia BQ5400 .B84 1994, Chatsumarn Kabilsingh (1998), Buddhism and nature conservation, Bangkok, Thailand : Thammasat University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ4570 .N3 C43 1998, Christie, Anthony H. (1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia: an anecdotal survey, In: Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. During this period major Buddhist monuments were erected in Java, including the marvelous Borobudur, which is perhaps the most magnificent of all Buddhist stupas. Chinese populations in contemporary Southeast Asian societies. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series no.207) 2001 120-126 Hamilton Asia BQ408 .B83. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA Although celibacy is postulated for the Buddhist clergy everywhere, there have always been notable exceptions. Those interested in comparisons between Buddhist and Christian monasticism should begin with Henry and Swearer 1989. In one episode from the Pali Vinaya, translated by Isaline B. Horner in The Book of the Discipline, the parents of a young man named Upli were confused about how to educate, care for, and provide for the best interests of their beloved son: "By what means could Upli, after our demise, live at ease and not be in want?" The monastic law codes divide offenses according to severity and include detailed definitions and case examples for what constitutes each kind of transgression. (Religion, history, and culture.) In these times there was extensive growth of Buddhist ritual, Mahyna philosophy, stra literature, and institutional expansion. In India monasticism survived and grew with local political support, especially under the Mauryan king Aoka (c. 269236 bce). 345p. 195-205 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Magetsari, Noerhadi (1999), The innerside of Borobudur, In: Nuryanti, Wiendu, ed. 414p. Though according to mainstream doctrine women can be enlightened, in the canonical versions of Buddhist monastic literature women are often cast in unflattering roles. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion in the Religions of Southeast Asia Unit and the Bodies of Buddhism: Somaesthetic Explorations Conference held at Florida Atlantic University in 2020. Hinduism and Buddhism exerted an enormous influence on the civilizations of Southeast Asia and contributed greatly to the development of a written tradition in that area. When the conditions arise, the truth awakens. 1999 104-112 Hamilton Asia PL493 .I58 1997, Quinn, Charles Underhill (Translated) (1970) The cross and the Bo-tree; Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, 1993. What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World. Groningen, Netherlands: Egbert Forsten, 2001. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. For instance, Buddhist monasteries started to set up along the developing trade routes, such as the road that was connecting, Moreover, these commercials exchanges contributed also to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation. Summary. 2v. The Ka dynasty was the next major dynasty to officially endorse and sponsor Buddhist institutions. 366p. This accounts for the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders. The Southeast Asian kingdom has some 40,000 Buddhist temples and almost 300,000 monks. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 363p. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. (2001) Buddhism in . Monasticism, and its special relationship with political authority, was present in all of its support cultures. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1981. Of the not numerous but clearly monastic or quasi-monastic organizations of recent origin in other parts of Asia, the Vietnamese Cao Dai achieved some impact. It is known that Buddhist kingdoms had appeared in this region by the early centuries of the 1st millennium ce. Some of the most renowned Buddhist monasteries in history were built in the Gupta period. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. (1992), Revival without revivalism: the case of the Buddhists of Malaysia, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 7, no.2 (Aug) 326-335, Liow, Woon Khin Benny (1989) Buddhist temples and association in Penang, 1845-1948Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 62, no.1 57-87, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1990), Buddhism among the Siamese of Kelantan: minority religion in a Muslim state, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 18 55-69, Muhammad Kamal Hassan (1977) A brief survey of Buddhist ascetic practicesAkademika (Kuala Lumpur) no.10 (Jan) 67-76, Vijaya Samarawickrama (2001) Bar Council Malaysia seminar on freedom of religion: the Buddhist view, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur) Special issue 43-54, MALAYSIA : BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSMohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993), Two faces of Buddhism: Chinese participation in Thai Theravada temples in Kelantan, In: Cheu, Hock Tong, ed. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. 154-170 Hamilton Asia BQ4690.M3 M34 1988, Thien Tam, Thich (1991), Buddhism of wisdom and faith: Pure Land principles and practice, : Sepulveda, Calif.: International Buddhist Monastic Institute, 1991 340 p. Hamilton Asia, BQ8515.6 .T5 1991, Topmiller, Robert J. Buddhism in early 21st-century Southeast Asia is often described as Theravada Buddhism, in contrast to Mahayana Buddhism found farther to the north and east. Buddhism: a modern perspective. During the struggle between North and South Vietnam in the 1960s and early 70s, many Buddhists worked to achieve peace and reconciliation, though they met with little success; to protest the South Vietnamese regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, some Buddhist monks turned to self-immolation. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. For issues specific to monastic architecture, see Pichard and Lagirarde 2003. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. (Horner, 19381966, vol. 101-124 Hamilton Asia Folio BQ6480 .B63 1988, Bunnag, Jane (1995), The way of the monk and the way of the world: Buddhism in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. Buddhism dogma was to a greater extent in favour of trade, and encouraged the commerce and the investment. 178p. Self and biography: essays on the individual and society in Asia. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Encyclopedia of Religion. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. During the division of India into small kingdoms in the Pla era (6501250), Buddhist monasteries consolidated into larger monastic institutions because of a lack of pan-Indian institutionalized support structures and because of the destruction of major Gupta monastic centers by invading armies. 333p. 308p. Buddhism, like most Indian systems of thought, sees the world as a realm of transmigration, or reincarnation ( samsara ), from which one may escape by attaining nirvana. 363p. Even after the Chinese had been driven back, a Chinese-like bureaucracy closely supervised the Vietnamese monasteries. (1990), Buddhist devotionalism in Burma, In: Kuppuram, G.; Kumudamani, K., eds. These Buddhist wandering mendicants practiced firm renunciation of worldly concerns. Nearly 90% of the country is Buddhist, and most are members of the majority ethnic community known as Burmans. Buddhism and revolution in Cambodia Cultural survival Quarterly. Stuttgart: Institut f&r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. This chapter focuses on the two turning points in the history of the spread of Buddhism. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Lanna Cultural Center, Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai; Kyoto: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 2000. 309-315 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B833 1989, Gosling, David (2001), Religion and ecology in India and southeast Asia / with a foreword by Ninian Smart. Rather, the ultimate aim of the Daoist practitioner is longevity or ultimate physical immortality. Vajrayana Buddhism is most closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, however, it also influenced parts of Southeast Asia and East Asia. Yangon: s.n.,. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) It demonstrates the reasons and methods of the initial spread of the doctrine within South Asia and from South Asia to Han and post-Han China. The interest in the councils lie in what philosophical, ethical, and social questions they raised and how those were resolved to support the evolution of the doctrine and spread of the community. In later northern Buddhism (i.e., Mahayana), the role of the historical Buddha was reduced, and the order (sangha) acquired an even more exalted position. Buddhist Monastic Life. //

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